What is hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)?
- Jasmine Uchi, PharmD
- Aug 7
- 4 min read
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is a beige, odorless powder derived from plant sources like wood or cotton. Structurally similar to cellulose, it is classified as a cellulose ether and is known for being water-soluble, biodegradable, and generally recognized as safe. HPMC is vegetarian and suitable for individuals seeking Kosher or Halal products, making it an inclusive ingredient across various industries. While it is widely used in pharmaceuticals for drug delivery systems, its applications extend to cosmetics, paints, dyes, adhesives, coatings, and agricultural products.
What is HPMC used for?
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is widely used across several industries due to its versatile properties. In pharmaceuticals, it's commonly used in extended-release coatings for medications like Seroquel XR and Nexium 24h, as a viscosity enhancer in eye drops such as Systane, and in gelatin-alternative capsules found in drugs like Pradaxa, Cymbalta and many over-the-counter supplements. HPMC is listed as an inactive ingredient in over 2,300 pharmaceutical products.
In the food industry, HPMC functions as a thickening agent in soups and sauces, a gluten-free stabilizer, and an emulsifier in items like salad dressings and frozen desserts. It's also a key ingredient in cosmetics, used to thicken products like shampoos and facial creams, retain moisture in conditioners and lotions, and enhance pigments in makeup. In agriculture, HPMC helps preserve pesticides, stabilize fertilizers, coat produce, and bulk up cattle feeds.
HPMC vs. Gelatin Capsules
Pharmaceuticals often default to gelatin for capsules, but HPMC offers a plant-based alternative with similar performance. Below is a comparison of the two materials:
Characteristic | HPMC Capsules | Gelatin Capsules |
Source | Plant-based cellulose (vegetarian/vegan-friendly) | Animal-derived collagen (bovine or porcine) |
Stability | Higher stability in heat and humidity | Lower stability; can melt or stick in warm/moist conditions |
Light Sensitivity | Not light-sensitive | Can degrade when exposed to light |
Heat Tolerance | Stable up to ~80°C | Begins to degrade around ~60°C |
Oxygen Permeability | Higher (may require special packaging for oxidation-prone contents) | Lower (better oxygen barrier) |
Fill Compatibility | Suitable for dry, oily, and hygroscopic materials | Mostly suitable for dry powders |
Allergen Risk | Minimal (no animal-derived ingredients) | May trigger allergies in sensitive individuals, including AGS patients |
Cultural & Religious Acceptance | Can be certified Kosher and Halal | Certification depends on animal source and processing |
Environmental Impact | Lower GHG emissions (plant-derived) | Higher GHG emissions (animal agriculture-related) |
Cost of Production | Typically more expensive to produce | Generally more cost-effective to manufacture |
Frequently Asked Questions about HPMC
Is HPMC safe in dogs?
Yes! HPMC is safe for consumption in all animals, including dogs and cats. The Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) promotes the addition of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as a healthy and safe bulking agent and stabilizer.
Is HPMC safe to consume during pregnancy?
Yes! HPMC is considered safe during pregnancy. Studies have shown that the use of HPMC does not pose any risk on embryo development and it is frequently added to prenatal vitamins. It is still recommended that pregnant or breastfeeding patients consult their doctor prior to starting any over-the-counter supplements or products.
Is HPMC vegan?
Conclusion
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) is a versatile ingredient commonly used in drug compounding as a vegetarian and vegan-friendly coating and binding agent. It is also found in cosmetics, food, agriculture, paints, and more. For individuals with dietary restrictions, religious needs, or allergies (e.g. alpha-gal syndrome) who must avoid porcine or bovine-derived gelatin, HPMC offers a suitable alternative. At Pill Clarity, our pharmacists can help you identify which medications use HPMC and support you in finding options that align with your needs.
Co-authored by: Zohra Bhatti
Disclaimer: The product and/or information provided on Pill Clarity is of a general nature and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. We do not lab test the products to confirm that they are free from animal ingredients, and it is possible that the formulation and ingredients could have changed. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or product. The information provided in this post is accurate and up to date as of the date it was written. However, please note that circumstances and facts may change over time, and new information may become available that could alter the accuracy or relevance of the content. We encourage readers to verify and cross-reference any information provided here with trusted sources or consult relevant professionals for the most current and accurate updates.
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